PINX1 and carcinoma: Notably, most tumors in PinX1+/- mice are epithelial carcinomas arising in organs that are known to develop common cancers in humans, including lung, mammary, liver and gastrointestinal tract cancers [82], which are also known to have frequent LOH at 8p23 in humans [9, 10, 12, 20-22, 24, 25].