Our results constitute the first demonstration of a malaria vaccine inducing a predominant CD8+ T cell (relative to CD4+ T cell) response in humans as detected by ICS IFN-γ assay, although cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses, presumably mediated by CD8+ T cells, have been demonstrated following the administration of DNA-vectored [47] and virally vectored malaria vaccines [53], [54]. Here, CD4 is linked to malaria.