However, our finding that the defined agonist anti-LTβR mAb (3C8) improved the rate of parasite clearance in the liver and reduced parasite load in the spleen, not only demonstrated fundamentally different biological activities for LLTB2 and 3C8 mAbs, but also shows that LTβR activation can promote beneficial immune mechanisms during established infection. This evidence concerns the gene LTBR and infection.