In vitro studies have shown the role of TGFβ/Smad3 in the secretion of TGF-β2 for the increment of extracellular matrix proteins in human optic nerve head astrocytes, in the context of glaucoma [33], the regulation of iNOS production by TGF-β1/Smad3 after inflammation [34], or the induction of Jagged1-Notck signalling for oligodendrocyte progenitor proliferation and differentiation [35]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is glaucoma.