In addition, active vitamin D3 and its analogs may increase the expression of E-cadherin [78] and the activity of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) as well as decrease the expression and activity of MMP-9 [80], thereby decreasing invasive and metastatic potentials of prostate cancer cells studied. The gene discussed is TIMP1; the disease is prostate carcinoma.