TGFB1 and neoplasm: To validate whether TGF-β is responsible for the activation of ERK and up-regulation of DNMTs which may be involved in tumor progression in vivo, we conducted experiments using a mouse xenograft CaP model which involved the injection of CaP tumor cells (TRAMP-C2 cells stably transfected with a HSV1-tk-GFP-luciferase reporter, 5×106/each mouse).