Furthermore, S100A4 has been shown to have prognostic value in a number of human cancers such as breast, oesophageal-squamous, non-small cell lung, primary gastric, malignant melanomas, prostate and pancreatic carcinomas (Garrett et al, 2006), besides bladder cancer (Davies et al, 2002; Agerbaek et al, 2006). Here, S100A4 is linked to cancer.