TLR4 and ischemia: Administration of TNFα and IL-1β to TLR4 defective heart, however, abrogated the beneficial effect of functional recovery in TLR4-deficient hearts after global ischemia [94], whereas functional recovery after ischemia was also improved in TNFα- and IL-1β-deficient hearts, as well as in wild-type hearts treated with TNF-binding protein or IL-1 receptor antagonist.