TNF and gastroenteritis: It has been also shown that MIF controls the production of inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IFN-γ involved in the pathogenesis of intestinal inflammation [42] In the present study, using a model of T. gondii-induced ileal inflammation, we demonstrated a critical role of MIF promoting the intestinal inflammatory response and the expression of TNF-α, IL-12 and IFN-γ.