TLR3 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: This viral nucleic acid is recognized by receptors such as the toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3), the kinase PKR, the helicases melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5), (which is also a candidate gene for T1D [44]) and retinoic-acid-inducible protein 1 (RIG-I); these receptors activate genes involved in both antiviral responses and apoptosis [45].