Indeed, bacterial vaginosis has been associated with increased levels of IL-1 beta, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and TNF-alpha, RANTES (CCL5), macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP-1 alpha/CCL3) and MIP-1 beta (CCL4) in genital samples [47]–[49]. This evidence concerns the gene CCL5 and bacterial vaginosis.