Thirteen genes were upregulated in CR tumours by more than two-fold, including AR, CAV1, ETS2, FGFR1, IGF2, IGF-BP3, MMP7, TIMP3 and TNFRSF5, whereas 16 genes were downregulated by more than two-fold, including AKT1, CDK7, ERBB3, IGF1, IGF-BP5, and VEGF. Interestingly, molecules within the same signalling pathway can be differentially regulated during the HN to CR transition, including FGFR1 (↑) and FGFR3 (↓), IGF2/IGF-BP3 (↑) and IGF1/IGF-BP5 (↓), highlighting potential complex relationship between members of individual signalling pathways in CR prostate carcinogenesis. Here, IGF1 is linked to urogenital neoplasm.