Adjusting the results for fasting insulin had no effect on the association [n = 985, OR (95% CI) = 1.5 (1.1, 2.1), p = 0.0145, compared to OR (95% CI) = 1.5 (1.1, 2.0), p = 0.0116 before adjustment], suggesting that anti-PDI antibodies are associated with metabolic alterations beyond insulin resistance. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is Insulin resistance.