TNF and brain ischemia: For instance, statins inhibit a number of inflammatory processes during brain damage and suppress the release of cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1β and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in neurological diseases or animal disease models, such as human multiple sclerosis [16]-[18], X-adrenoleukodystrophy [19], experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis [20], [21], Parkinson's disease [22], spinal cord injury [23], brain ischemia [24], [25], Alzheimer's disease [26], metabolic syndrome [27], and acute brain injury [28]–[30].