Consistent with our previous report that CDK5 expression and activity is increased in the brains of patients with HIVE [8], image analysis revealed that overall CRMP2 and phosphorylated CRMP2 (Ser522 epitope) levels were significantly increased in the hippocampus of HIVE brains compared to HIV+ controls without encephalitis (Figure 9A-J). Here, CDK5 is linked to encephalitis.