In order to understand the molecular mechanism(s) underlying CTS-induced improvement of cognitive deficits in the sham- and T2VO-SAMP8, we examined the effects of CTS on synaptic plasticity-related signaling by measuring phosphorylation activities of NMDAR1, CaMKII and CREB phosphorylation in the cortex areas (Figure 6). Here, CREB1 is linked to Cognitive impairment.