KDR and Cognitive impairment: Considering a role of the VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling systems in cognitive function, we, in this study, raise the possibility that the CTS-induced reversal of the impaired VEGF-VEGFR2 signaling system is also a part of the mechanism(s) underlying the ameliorative effects of CTS on spatial and non-spatial cognitive deficits caused by aging.