In SLE, relevant factors directly influencing the development of CVD and AT comprise immune complex generation, complement activation, and changes in the production and activity of a complex network of cytokines, including type I and II interferons, B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), TNFα, IL-6, IL-17, and migration macrophage inhibitor (MIF) [71–82]. Here, TNF is linked to systemic lupus erythematosus.