Taken together, these observations suggest that extracellular NM23-H1 may play an important role in the malignant progression of leukemia, and the inhibitors of extracellular NM23-H1 protein or inhibitors for the signaling pathways activated by extracellular NM23-H1 should be evaluated for their potential treatment as an approach to these malignancies (Figure 3). Here, NME1 is linked to leukemia.