FGFR3 and neoplasm: FGF receptor-3 (FGF-R3) and TP53 mutations have been recognized as the key genetic pathways in the carcinogenesis of TCC; mutation of the former, being the most frequently mutated oncogene, is strongly associated with a low tumor grade, an early stage, and a low recurrence rate, and mutation of the latter is associated with a higher tumor grade, more advanced stage, and more frequent tumor recurrence [84].