In humans many candidate genes have also been identified that are suspected of leading to otitis media, including FBXO11 [15], SMAD2, SMAD4, TLR4 [42], MUC5AC [43], IL6 [44], IL10, TNFα [45], TGF-β1, PAI1 [46], MLB2, G45D [47], SP-a1 6A [48], CD14 [49], IFNγ [44], HLA-A2 [50], HLA-A3, G2m(23) [51] and more. Here, TLR4 is linked to otitis media.