TLR4 and neoplasm: Moreover, we found that LC3BII and beclin-1 expression and the number of autolysosomes were increased, but cleaved caspase-3 expression was not changed on Day 3 after tumor cell inoculation in the prophylactically treated B16-bearing mice (Fig. S1A-S1C), suggesting that the activation of autophagy preceded apoptosis and that prophylactic administration of the TLR4/9 agonist complex promotes melanoma cell death by stimulating autophagy-associated cell death.