TLR9 and neoplasm: We found that the prophylactic or therapeutic application of the TLR4/TLR9 agonist complex differentially regulated Th1 responses and subsequent tumor cell death by activating IFNγ/STAT1 signaling (in the case of prophylactic treatment) or by activating STAT3 (in the case of therapeutic treatment), which is responsible for the different efficacy against tumor metastasis.