TGFB1 and autoimmune disease: We have confirmed this finding and also demonstrated that CD4+ cells induced by a combination of atRA and TGF-β displayed superior suppressive function in vitro and adoptive transfer of these cells resulted in much better suppressive effects on lupus disease development in animal model compared to CD4+ cells treated with TGF-β alone, implicating that a combination of atRA and TGF-β provides an ideal protocol for the preparation of iTreg population and their use in the clinical cell therapy in treating autoimmune disease and organ transplantation settings.