ACE and heart failure: In contrast, a study of more than 6,000 heart failure patients with varying levels of renal function found that while users of ACE inhibitors without CKD had lower mortality compared with those who did not receive ACE inhibitor therapy, receipt of ACE inhibitors was not associated with mortality differences in the subset of patients with CKD (adjusted OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.51) [39].