MTOR and tuberous sclerosis: It is important to note that tumors and brain tissue from rodent models for TSC have similar abnormalities in mTOR signaling (with hyperphosphorylated S6 kinase and ribosomal subunit S6) as brain tumors (subependymal giant cell astrocytomas) [19], kidney tumors (angiomyolipomas) from TSC patients [20], and abnormal lung tissue from LAM patients [21].