CXCL12 and age-related macular degeneration: We found that CXCL12 strongly induced AKT phosphorylation (from 15±4.7 to 185±6.4; n = 6) and that this effect was abolished by pre-treatment with AMD, WM or SH5 (20±4.1, 22±5.1 and 13±3, respectively; n = 6).