NFKB1 and Insulin resistance: In db/db mice, hepatic NF-κB was up-regulated with the down-regulation of IκB compared with m/m mice, while the administration of proanthocyanidin, especially in its oligomeric form, led to the down-regulation of NF-κB with the upregulation of IκB. NF-κB activation induces insulin resistance by lipid/fatty acid infusion and the inhibition of insulin signaling by lipid metabolites such as diacylglycerol and ceramide [47].