Most interestingly, co-infection altered to a significant degree the antigen-induced secretion of inflammatory TNF-α and led to a further diminution of hookworm-specific IFN-γ and CXCL10 secretion, but did not alter production of IL-10 or the Type-2 cytokines, when compared to mono-infected individuals. This evidence concerns the gene CXCL10 and coinfection.