The localised TGF-β mediated inhibition demonstrated here suggests that local delivery of TGF-β antagonists may help to reduce unwanted side effects arising from systemic blockade; ovarian cancer may respond to the local delivery of TGF-β antagonists used in conjunction with other immunotherapeutic agents, such as humanized antibodies against tumour cell surface molecules or cancer vaccines [48], [49]. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is ovarian cancer.