Van de Berg and Weening [12] have studied, by quantitative real-time PCR, the expression of IL-1β, IL-1ra (IL-1 receptor antagonist), IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, TNF-α, and IFN-γby PBMC from patients with MCNS during relapse and remission and from a control group of patients with NS primarily caused by endogenous alterations within the glomerular filter, for instance, mutations in the genes encoding nephrin and podocin. Here, IL10 is linked to lipoid nephrosis.