HSPA5 and melanoma: Mda-7 in patients with melanoma, it has been determined to be safe and efficient in inducing apoptosis of melanoma.103 Additionally, SubAB, a toxin from the highly virulent strain of Escherichia coli, cleaves GRP78 at Leu 416 site to destroy its function, which may provide a therapeutic application.104 On the other hand, surface-localized GRP78 could be utilized as a carrier of anti-cancer drugs.