VCAM1 and neoplasm: Some of these impediments might be tumor cell-associated, including the loss of class I MHC expression, tumor-expression of the vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), enhanced expression by tumor cells and by the surrounding stromal cells of the tolerogenic enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) or the production by tumor cells of factors such as IL-10, TGF-β or galectin-1 that could inhibit effective immune responses (Lin et al. 2007; Rubinstein et al. 2004; Waldman, 2003; Zheng et al. 2006).