TLR9 and systemic lupus erythematosus: Emerging evidence has reported that derivatives and small molecule analogues of chloroquine and quinacrine suppress the over-activation of immune response.[53], [54] These anti-malarial agents[55] (chloroquine, HCQ and quinacrine) used for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory disorders (IMID) such as SLE, are antagonists of TLR-9 and to a lesser extent, TLR-7 and -8 [54].