CXCR4 and cancer: Furthermore, besides CXCR4, the activation of NF-κB also induces the expression of various molecules including cyclooxygenase-2, matrix metallopeptidase-9, and adhesion molecules such as intracellular adhesion molecule 1, vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, and endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecule 1, all of which have been linked with cancer cell migration, invasion, and metastasis [58].