In addition, studies investigating the protective properties of maternally derived IgG and IgM antibodies to the 19 kDa domain of MSP-1 of P. falciparum have shown that mothers who have tested positive for anti-MSP-1 (19 kDa fragment) IgG antibodies conferred protection against placental infection and infection in their infants [99]. This evidence concerns the gene ATAD1 and infection.