Several studies suggest that the balance between pro- (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-8) and anti-inflammatory (IL4, IL-10, TGF-β) cytokines determines the degree of malaria parasitaemia, the level of anaemia, the clinical severity, the presentation, and/or the outcome of infection [63-65]. The gene discussed is IL10; the disease is anemia (phenotype).