CR1 and carcinoma: Indeed, it has been observed that treatment with antisense oligonucleotides directed against CR-1 results in a significant inhibition of the in vitro and in vivo growth of human carcinoma cells of different histological origin, in which CR-1 can function as autocrine or paracrine growth factor (Ciardiello et al, 1994; De Luca et al, 1999, 2000; Normanno et al, 2004b).