Patients at high risk of kidney disease (i.e., black patients, patients with CD4+ T-cell count <200 cells/mm3, HIV RNA levels >4,000 copies/mL, diabetes, hypertension, or HCV coinfection) should be screened at least annually for subtle changes in renal parameters; patients on TDF may require monitoring every 3 months [78, 100]. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and kidney disorder.