TP53 and malignant colon neoplasm: In addition, curcumin has also been reported to cause p53- and p21-independent G2/M phase arrest, caspase-3-mediated cleavage of β-catenin, decreased transactivation of gene products such as c-Myc induced by β-catenin/TCF/LEF complex, and an enhanced rate of apoptosis in HCT-116 (p53+/+), HCT-116 (p53-/-) and HCT-116 (p21-/-) colon cancer cell lines (Figure 1) [169].