Detection of TNF-β in G-1442 but not in any of the approximately 100 additional LF patients analyzed in our studies thus far (unpublished data) may represent a rare immunological response to the febrile illness, may be associated with the pregnant status of this patient, may have manifested because of a response to a co-infecting pathogen, or may be a combination of factors. Here, LTA is linked to Lassa fever.