For example, Bakin et al. [29] showed that MAP kinase activation correlates with the progression to advanced hormone refractory disease in patient samples and that stable expression of Ras effector loop mutants that activate the Ras/MAP kinase pathway is sufficient to reduce the androgen requirement of LNCaP prostate cancer cells for growth, prostate-specific antigen expression, and tumorigenicity [29]. The gene discussed is KLK3; the disease is prostate carcinoma.