A similar “contralateral effect” (i.e. distal therapeutic effect) has been observed following intra-articular gene transfer of immunosuppressive cytokines, inhibitors of IL-1β and TNF-α, or NF-κB decoy oligonucleotides in rabbit or mouse models of arthritis and DTH [37], [38], [39], [40], [41]. Here, TNF is linked to arthritic joint disease.