[22], [23]. Consistent with this view, we found that acute TNBS-colitis causes a robust decrease in the expression of several nuclear receptor including PPARγ, PXR and FXR. These changes were antagonized by VSL#3 cotreatment (Figure 3, Panel 2; n = 5; #p<0.05 versus naïve; *p<0.05 versus TNBS). These changes in gene product expression are mirrored by changes at the protein levels, as demonstrated by the analysis of the colonic expression of FXR protein (see Figure S2). Here, NR1H4 is linked to colitis.