TGFB1 and metastatic neoplasm: CCRCCs from patients with either metastatic disease at diagnosis or that later developed metastasis (n = 13) showed a significantly elevated TGF-β signaling activity as compared to tumors from patients with a localized disease and with no documented metastases during follow-up (n = 9) (two-sided Student's t-test, p = 0.044, Figure 5G).