CCL2 and infection: Using a Luminex multiplex kit, we also measured the levels of a panel of cytokines/chemokines in the BALF collected from each mouse and found that the levels of several neutrophil chemoattractants CXCL1/KC [35], granulocyte colony stimulating factor or G-CSF [36], CXCL10/IP-10 [37], TNF-α [38], MIP-1α/CCL3 and MIP-1β/CCL4 [39], CXCL2/MIP-2 [40], and CCL2/MCP-1 [41] were all present at significantly higher levels in the lungs of galU mutant-infected mice (p < 0.05) at the 24 or 48 h time points (Figure 4B and 4C), correlating well with the peak of neutrophil recruitment at 48 h post-infection.