FMR1 and Cognitive impairment: This is of relevance as elevated levels of FMR1 mRNA have been demonstrated to be causative or related not only to FXTAS, but also to the reported behavioral problems, cognitive impairment and seizure observed in early development in premutation carriers [27], [29], [30], [35], [36], [37] to autoimmune disorders in female premutation carriers [38], [39], [40] and perhaps to the primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI), observed in ∼20% female carriers of a premutation [23], [24], [41].