TNF and Obesity: Features of obesity-induced inflammation include increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including TNF-α and IL-6 by white adipose tissue (WAT), and the activation of a network of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, including the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and inhibitor of NF-κB kinase β (IKKβ), which may have local effects on WAT physiology but also systemic effects on other organs [62].