We have shown previously in NSCLC that HLA-DR, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), myeloid related protein 8/14 (MRP 8/14) and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) are markers of M1 (cytotoxic) macrophages and that CD163 and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are markers of M2 (non-cytotoxic) macrophages [14]. Here, TNF is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.