Cultured primary CAF (two representative cell lines, CAF-1 and CAF-4, were employed in this experiment) expressed desmin, α-SMA and vimentin, which confirmed their mesenchymal lineage (Figure 1B) and clearly distinguished them from epithelial pancreatic cancer cell lines (PANC-1 and BxPC-3), which display cytokeratin and EMA. Here, DES is linked to pancreatic neoplasm.