VCL and embryonal carcinoma: Although it remains unclear by which mechanisms Fak activation is thus sustained, it is germane that vinculin has been shown to enforce the adhesion-dependent activation/deactivation of Fak [60, 67, 170, 171] and that the gene disruption of vinculin in F9 mouse embryonic carcinoma cells renders them resistant to anoikis, also via a sustained activation of Fak [170].