Using algorithms to predict nonameric β-cell peptides that would bind to the common HLA-A*0201 allele and an interferon γ Elispot assay, a human islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) precursor protein, 6 out of 9 recent-onset T1D patients, but none of longstanding T1D patients, were shown to recognize preproIAPP peptide IAPP5-13 [98]. Here, HLA-A is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.